Indole compounds

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to treating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related diseases with certain indole compounds. The indole compounds are of formula (I) below. Each variable is defined in the specification.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), this application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/526,872, filed Dec. 4, 2003.

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is one of the major threats to human health in the 21st century. The number of patients is predicted to rise from 150-220 million in 2010 to 300 million in 2025. A majority of the patients have type II diabetes, which is characterized by insulin resistance. At present, therapy for type II diabetes relies mostly on reducing hyperglycaemia. It has limited efficacy and significant side effects. Thus, there is a need to develop more effective drugs for treating type II diabetes.

Evidence has shown that lipid accumulation in muscle and liver would lead to the development of insulin resistance. It has also been shown that reducing obesity or lowering lipids generally improves insulin sensitivity. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to a family of nuclear receptors that regulate lipid metabolism. For example, PPARγ is highly expressed in adipocytes and mediates their differentiation. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a group of PPARγ agonists, have been demonstrated to be effective in treating type II diabetes. Studies suggest that TZDs may improve muscle insulin action and increase insulin sensitivity by sequestering lipids in adipocytes and reducing lipid accumulation in muscle.

SUMMARY

This invention is based on the discovery that certain indole compounds can be used to treat type II diabetes through their binding to PPARs (e.g., PPARα, PPARγ, or PPARδ).

In one aspect, this invention features a method for treating a PPAR-related disease. The method includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I):

In the above formula, R₁ is (CR_(b)R_(c))_(n)—X—R_(a), in which n is 2-5; X is N(R_(d)), O, or S, or X and R_(a), taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(a) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl, or R_(a) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; each R_(b), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and each R_(c), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R_(d) being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(e)R_(f)), SO₂R_(e), COOR_(e), or C(O)R_(e); each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(e)R_(f)), SO₂R_(e), COOR_(e), or C(O)R_(e); each of R_(e) and R_(f), independently, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

For example, one can administer to a subject infected with a PPAR-related disease a compound of formula (I), in which R_(a) is heteroaryl or aryl, or R_(a) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or COOR_(e), each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or C(O)R_(e). In this compound, R_(a) can be

and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ can be OH, OCH₂COOR, OC(CH₃)₂COOR, OCH(CH₃)COOR, O(CH₂)₂COOR, O(CH₂)₃COOR, CH₂COOR, COOR,

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

“Treating” refers to administering one or more indole compounds to a subject, who has a PPAR-related disease, a symptom of such a disease, or a predisposition toward such a disease, with the purpose to confer a therapeutic effect, e.g., to cure, relieve, alter, affect, ameliorate, or prevent the PPAR-related disease, the symptom of it, or the predisposition toward it. “An effective amount” refers to the amount of one or more active indole compounds that is required to confer a therapeutic effect on a treated subject.

Examples of PPAR-related diseases (or disorders or conditions) include diabetes mellitus (e.g., type I diabetes or type II diabetes), hyperglycemia, low glucose tolerance, Syndrome X, insulin resistance, obesity (e.g., abdominal obesity), lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis (and its sequelae such as angina, claudication, heart attack, or stroke), vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, vasculitis, gout, pancreatitis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, frostbite, or adult respiratory distress syndrome), neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, neoplastic conditions, cancers (e.g., prostate, gastric, breast, bladder, lung, or colon cancer, or adipose cell cancer such as liposarcoma), angiogenesis, Alzheimer's disease, skin disorders (e.g., acne, psoriasis, dermatitis, eczema, or keratosis), high blood pressure, ovarian hyperandrogenism, osteoporosis, and osteopenia.

The term “alkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, non-aromatic hydrocarbon moiety, such as —CH₃, —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH═CH₂—, or branched —C₃H₇. The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic, cyclic hydrocarbon moiety, such as cyclohexyl or cyclohexen-3-yl. The term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic, cyclic moiety having at least one ring heteroatom, such as 4-tetrahydropyranyl or 4-pyranyl. The term “aryl” refers to a hydrocarbon moiety having one or more aromatic rings. Examples of an aryl moiety include phenyl, phenylene, naphthyl, naphthylene, pyrenyl, anthryl, and phenanthryl. The term “heteroaryl” refers to a moiety having one or more aromatic rings that contain at least one heteroatom. Examples of a heteroaryl moiety include furyl, furylene, fluorenyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl and indolyl. The term “alkoxy” refers to a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic hydrocarbon moiety containing an oxygen radical, such as —OCH₃ or —OCH═C₂H₅. The term “aryloxy” refers to a moiety having at least one aromatic ring and an oxygen radical bonded to the aromatic ring, such as phenoxy. The term “heteroaryloxy” refers to a moiety having at least one aromatic ring that contains at least one ring heteroatom and an oxygen radical bonded to the aromatic ring, such as 4-pyrindinoxy. The term “alkylthio” refers to a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic hydrocarbon moiety containing a sulfur radical, such as —SCH₃ or —SCH═C₂H₅. The term “arylthio” refers to a moiety having at least one aromatic ring and a sulfur radical bonded to the aromatic ring, such as phenylthio. The term “alkylamino” refers to a moiety having a nitrogen radical bonded to an alkyl group defined above, such as —NHCH₃ or —NHCH═C₂H₅. The term “dialkylamino” refers to a moiety having a nitrogen radical bonded to two alkyl groups defined above, such as —N(CH₃)₂ or —N(CH₃)(CH═C₂H₅). The term “arylamino” refers to a moiety having a nitrogen radical bonded to an aryl group defined above, such as phenylamino. The term “diarylamino” refers to a moiety having a nitrogen radical bonded to two aryl groups defined above, such as diphenylamino.

Alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, and diarylamino mentioned herein include both substituted and unsubstituted moieties, unless specified otherwise. Possible substituents on cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, arylthio, arylamino, and diarylamino include C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl, C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, amino, C₁-C₁₀ alkylamino, C₁-C₂₀ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, hydroxyl, halogen, thio, C₁-C₁₀ alkylthio, arylthio, C₁-C₁₀ alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, cyano, nitro, acyl, acyloxy, carboxyl, and carboxylic ester. On the other hand, possible substituents on alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, and dialkylamino include all of the above-recited substituents except C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, and C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl. Cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl can also be fused with aryl or heteroaryl.

In another aspect, this invention features a method for treating a PPAR-related disease, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) shown above except that R₁ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R_(a), or SO₂R_(a), in which R_(a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(d)R_(e))_(m)—X—R_(b), O—(CR_(d)R_(e))_(m)—X—R_(b), or O—C(R_(d)R_(e))R_(c), and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(f)R_(g)), SO₂R_(f), COOR_(f), or C(O)R_(f); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(d)R_(e))_(n)—X—R_(b), O—(CR_(d)R_(e))_(n)—X—R_(b), or O—C(R_(d)R_(e))R_(c), and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(f)R_(g)), SO₂R_(f), COOR_(f), or C(O)R_(f); in which m is 3-5; n is 2-5; X is N(R_(h)), O, or S, or X and R_(b), taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(b) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, COOR_(i), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(i), or C(O)R_(i), or R_(b) and X taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(c) is H, OH, halogen, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, COOR_(i), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(i), or C(O)R_(i); each R_(d), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each R_(e), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R_(f) and R_(g), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R_(h) and R_(i,) independently, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

For example, one can administer to a subject infected with a PPAR-related disease a compound of formula (I), in which R₁ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or SO₂R_(a); one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(d)R_(e))_(m)—X—R_(b), O—(CR_(d)R_(e))_(m)—X—R_(b), or O—C(R_(d)R_(e))R_(c), and each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or COOR_(f); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(d)R_(e))_(n)—X—R_(b) or O—(CR_(d)R_(e))_(n)—X—R_(b), and each of the others, independently, is H; n is 2; R_(b) is heteroaryl or aryl substituted with C₃-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, or C(O)R_(i); and R_(c) is COOR_(i). In this compound, R_(b) can be

and R₁ can be H, CH₂COOR, CH(CH₃)COOR, CH(CH₂CH₃)COOR, CH₂CH₂COOR, CH₂(CH₂)₂COOR, or

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

In still another aspect, this invention features a compound of formula (I) show above. In this formula, R₁ is (CR_(c)R_(d))_(m)—X—R_(a) or (CR_(c)R_(d))_(n)—X—R_(b), in which m is 3-5; n is 2-5; X is N(R_(e)), O, or S, or X and R_(a) or X and R_(b), taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(a) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(f), or C(O)R_(f), or R_(a) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(b) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(f), or C(O)R_(f), or R_(b) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; each R_(c), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and each R_(d), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R_(e) and R_(f), independently, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); and each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); each of R_(g) and R_(h), independent, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

Referring to formula (I), a subset of the just-described compounds are those in which R_(a) is heteroaryl or aryl substituted with C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, heteroaryl, C(O)R_(f), or NO₂, or R_(a) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(b) is heteroaryl; n is 2; one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or COOR_(e); and each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or C(O)R_(e). In these compounds, R_(a) can be

and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ can be OH, OCH₂COOR, OC(CH₃)₂COOR, OCH(CH₃)COOR, O(CH₂)₂COOR, O(CH₂)₃COOR, CH₂COOR, COOR,

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

In yet another aspect, this invention features a compound of formula (I) shown above except that R₁ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R_(a), or SO₂R_(a), in which R_(a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with CF₃, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(b), or C(O)R_(b); R_(b) being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d); and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alky, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d); and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); in which m is 3-5; n is 2-5; X is N(R_(i)), O, or S, or X and R_(c), taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(c) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOR_(j), heteroaryl containing at least two aromatic rings fused together, or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(j), or C(O)R_(j), or R_(c) and X taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(d) is H, OH, halogen, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, COOR_(i), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(j), or C(O)R_(j); each R_(e), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each R_(f), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and each of R_(g) and R_(h), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R_(i) and R_(j), independently, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

Referring to formula (I), a subset of the just-described compounds are those in which R₁ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or SO₂R_(a); one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d), and each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or COOR_(g); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c) or O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), and each of the others, independently, is H; n is 2; R_(c) is heteroaryl containing at least two aromatic rings fused together or aryl substituted with C₃-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, or C(O)R_(j); and R_(d) is COOR_(j). In these compounds, R_(c) can be

and R₁ can be H, CH₂COOR, CH(CH₃)COOR, CH(CH₂CH₃)COOR, CH₂CH₂COOR, CH₂(CH₂)₂COOR, or

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

In a further aspect, this invention features a compound of formula (I) shown above except R₁ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, C(O)R_(a), SO₂R_(a), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(a), or C(O)R_(a); in which R_(a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with CF₃, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(b), or C(O)R_(b); R_(b) being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d); and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d); and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH2, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); in which m is 3-5; n is 2-5; X is N(R_(i)), O, or S; R_(c) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOR_(j), heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(j), or C(O)R_(j); R_(d) is H, OH, halogen, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, COOR_(i), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(j), or C(O)R_(j); each R_(e), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each R_(f), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and each of R_(g) and R_(h), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R_(i) being C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R_(j) being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

Referring to formula (I), a subset of the just-described compounds are those in which R_(c) is heteroaryl. In these compounds, R_(c) can be pyridinyl, X can be N(CH₃) or S, and R₁ can be CH₂COOR, in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

In addition, this invention encompasses a pharmaceutical composition that contains an effective amount of at least one of the above-mentioned indole compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition that contains effective amounts of at least one of the above-mentioned indole compounds and tetraethylthiuram disulfide.

The indole compounds described above are potent ligands with agonist or partial agonist activities on one or more PPARs (e.g., PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ, PPARα/γ, or PPARα/γ/δ). The indole compounds include the compounds themselves, as well as their salts and their prodrugs, if applicable. A salt, for example, can be formed between an anion and a positively charged group (e.g., amino) on an indole compound. Examples of suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, and acetate. Likewise, a salt can also be formed between a cation and a negatively charged group (e.g., carboxylate) on an indole compound. Examples of suitable cations include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion. Examples of prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, which, upon administration to a subject, are capable of providing active indole compounds.

Also within the scope of this invention is a composition containing one or more of the indole compounds described above for use in treating a PPAR-related disease, and the use of such a composition for the manufacture of a medicament for the just-mentioned treatment.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and from the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Shown below are the structures of compounds 1-175, exemplary compounds of this invention:

The indole compounds described above can be prepared by methods well known to a skilled person in the art. For example, scheme I and II shown below depict two typical synthetic routes for synthesizing exemplary indole compounds. Details of preparation of these compounds are provided in Examples 1-175.

As shown in Scheme I, hydroxyindole can react with a bromo-containing alkyl substituted with various functional groups (e.g., COOCH₂CH₃) in the presence of 1 equivalent of base to yield an alkoxy-substituted indole. An indole compound of the invention can be prepared by treating the alkoxy-substituted indole with a linker compound containing a bromo group and a chloro group, followed by treating with an aromatic compound containing a hydroxy group. Alternatively, as shown in Scheme II, hydroxyindole can first react with a linker compound in the presence of 1 equivalent of base, followed by an aromatic compound containing a hydroxy group to yield an alkoxy-substituted indole. Then, the alkoxy-substituted indole can react with a bromo-containing alkyl substituted with various functional groups to afford an indole compound of the invention.

Other indole compounds can be prepared using other suitable starting materials following the synthetic routes disclosed herein and other synthetic methods known in the art. The methods described above may also additionally include steps, either before or after the steps described specifically herein, to add or remove suitable protecting groups in order to ultimately allow synthesis of the indole compounds. In addition, various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing applicable indole compounds are known in the art and include, for example, those described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995) and subsequent editions thereof.

The indole compounds mentioned herein may contain a non-aromatic double bond and one or more asymmetric centers. Thus, they can occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers, diastereomeric mixtures, and cis- or trans-isomeric forms. All such isomeric forms are contemplated.

Also within the scope of this invention is a pharmaceutical composition contains an effective amount of at least one indole compound described above and a pharmaceutical acceptable carrier. Further, this invention covers a method of administering an effective amount of one or more of the indole compounds to a patient with a PPAR-related disease. Effective doses will vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on the types of diseases treated, route of administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatment.

The indole compounds described above may be administered alone or may be administered concurrently with other therapeutic agents. Examples of such a therapeutic agent include a lipid lowering agent, an antidiabetic agent (e.g., sulfonylurea or biguanides), α-glucosidase inhibitors, or insulin or other insulin secretagogues. An example of a lipid lowering drug is a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, particularly a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (e.g., lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, rivastatin, itavastatin, or rosuvastatin). Other lipid lowering drugs include cholesterol absorption inhibitors (e.g., stanol esters, sterol glycosides such as tiqueside, or azetidinones such as ezetimibe), cholesterol O-acyltransferase inhibitors (e.g., avasimibe), niacin, bile acid sequestrants, microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors, or bile acid reuptake inhibitors.

In addition, a composition containing tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram, ANTABUSE™) and a PPAR agonist shows synergistic effect in binding to PPAR. Specifically, tetraethylthiuram disulfide alone is a poor PPAR agonist. However, a combination of tetraethylthiuram disulfide and a PPAR agonist (e.g., rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, or an indole compound described above) shows greater activity in binding to PPAR than the PPAR agonist alone. For example, a solution containing 0.5, μM rosiglitazone and 10 μM tetraethylthiuram disulfide exhibits 5 times greater PPARγ transactivation activity than a solution containing 0.5 μM rosiglitazone alone. As another example, a solution containing 10 μM compound 1 and 10 μM tetraethylthiuram disulfide exhibits at least 3 times greater PPARγ transactivation activity than a solution containing 10 μM compound 1 alone.

To practice the method of the present invention, a composition having one or more indole compounds can be administered parenterally, orally, nasally, rectally, topically, or buccally. The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional, or intracranial injection, as well as any suitable infusion technique.

A sterile injectable composition can be a solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium (e.g., synthetic mono- or diglycerides). Fatty acid, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions can also contain a long chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, carboxymethyl cellulose, or similar dispersing agents. Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens or Spans or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms can also be used for the purpose of formulation.

A composition for oral administration can be any orally acceptable dosage form including capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions, and solutions. In the case of tablets, commonly used carriers include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions or emulsions are administered orally, the active ingredient can be suspended or dissolved in an oily phase combined with emulsifying or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring, or coloring agents can be added.

A nasal aerosol or inhalation composition can be prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation. For example, such a composition can be prepared as a solution in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art. A composition having one or more active indole compounds can also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.

The carrier in the pharmaceutical composition must be “acceptable” in the sense that it is compatible with the active ingredient of the composition (and preferably, capable of stabilizing the active ingredient) and not deleterious to the subject to be treated. One or more solubilizing agents can be utilized as pharmaceutical excipients for delivery of an active indole compound. Examples of other carriers include colloidal silicon oxide, magnesium stearate, cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, and D&C Yellow #10.

The indole compounds of this invention can be preliminarily screened for their efficacy in treating PPAR-related diseases by in vitro assays (See Examples 176 and 177 below) and then confirmed by animal experiments and clinic trials. Other methods will also be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.

The specific examples below are to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the description herein, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. All publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Compound 1: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]- 1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

A mixture of 4-hydroxyindole (0.100 g, 0.75 mmol, 1.0 eq), powdered potassium hydroxide (0.046 g, 0.83 mmol, 1.1 eq), and DMSO (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour and then ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropionate (0.161 g, 0.12 mL, 0.83 mmol, 1.1 eq) was added to the above mixture dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for another 2 hours before 15 mL of water was added. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). The organic layer was collected, combined, washed with water (6×25 mL) and brine (2×20 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue thus obtained was purified by flash chromatograph over silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (95/5) as an eluant to afford 2-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-2-methylpropionic acid ethyl ester (0.144 g, yield: 80%).

2-(1H-Indol-4-yloxy)-2-methylpropionic acid ethyl ester (0.100 g, 0.40 mmol, 1.0 eq), powdered potassium hydroxide (0.034 g, 0.61 mmol, 1.5 eq), and DMSO (3 mL) were mixed and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane (0.12 mL, 0.191 g, 1.21 mmol, 3.0 eq) was then added to the above mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for another 1.5 hours before 15 mL of water was added. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). The organic layer was collected, combined, washed with water (6×25 mL) and brine (2×20 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 2-[1-(3-chloropropyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-2-methylpropionic acid ethyl ester (0.127 g, yield: 97%) as a dense oily liquid, which was used for the next step without further purification.

A mixture of 2-[1-(3-chloropropyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-2-methylpropionic acid ethyl ester (0.100 g, 0.31 mmol, 1.0 eq), 7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-ol (0.076 g, 0.31 mmol, 1.0 eq), potassium carbonate (0.064 g, 0.46 mmol, 1.5 eq), potassium iodide (0.010 g, 0.06 mmol, 0.2 eq), and DMF (3 mL) was heated at 110° C. for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature before 20 mL of water was added. The mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). The organic layer was collected, combined, washed with water (6×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give an oily residue, which was purified by filtering through a short silica column using hexane/ethyl acetate (95/5) as an eluant to afford 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid ethyl ester (0.140 g, yield: 85%).

2-Methyl-2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid ethyl ester (0.100 g, 0.19 mmol, 1 eq) and LiOH (0.018 g, 0.75 mmol, 4 eq) were added to a methanol and water mixture (10 mL, 4:1). After the suspension was refluxed for 2 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo. 0.5 N HCl was added to the residue and the mixture was extracted with ether (2×20 mL). The organic layer was collected, combined, washed with water (2×20 mL) and brine (2×10 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid (compound 1, 0.086 g, yield: 90%).

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.69 (s, 6H), 1.73-1.84 (m, 2H), 2.36 (p, 2H), 3.01(t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.01(t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.40(t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.56-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.93 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.04-7.10(m, 3H), 7.53 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 505.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Compound 2: {4-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

A mixture of 4-hydroxyindole (0.100 g, 0.75 mmol, 1.0 eq), powdered potassium hydroxide (0.042 g, 0.75 mmol, 1.0 eq), and DMSO (3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour before 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (0.118 g, 0.75 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added. The above mixture was then stirred at room temperature for another 0.5 hour and then 15 mL of water was added to it. The resultant mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL). The organic layer was collected, combined, washed with water (6×25 mL) and brine (2×20 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography over silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (95/5) as an eluant to afford 4-(3-chloropropoxy)-1H-indole (0.130 g, yield: 83%).

4-(3-Chloropropoxy)-1H-indole (0.100 g, 0.48 mmol), 7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-ol (0.117 g, 0.48 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.099 g, 0.72 mmol), potassium iodide (0.016 g, 0.10 mmol), and DMF (5 mL) were mixed and heated at 110° C. for 1.5 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature. Water (10 mL) and ethyl acetate (10 mL) were added and the resultant mixture was stirred for five minutes. The organic layer was separated and aqueous layer was extracted again with ethyl acetate (10 mL). The organic layer was combined, washed with water (6×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give an oily residue, which was purified by filtering through a short silica column using hexane/dichloromethane (50/50) as an eluant to afford 6-[3-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-propoxy]-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole (0.156 g, yield: 78%).

A mixture of 6-[3-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-propoxy]-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole (0.100 g, 0.24 mmol), methyl-2-bromoacetate (0.109 g, 0.72 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.050 g, 0.36 mmol), potassium iodide (0.008 g, 0.05 mmol), and acetonitrile (15 mL) was stirred and refluxed for 12 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered to remove suspended salts. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between dichloromethane and water. The organic layer was collected, washed with water (2×20 mL) and brine (2×20 mL), and then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified by flash chromatograph over silica gel using hexane/ethyl acetate (95/5) as an eluant to afford {4-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid methyl ester (0.089 g, yield: 76%).

{4-[3-(7-Propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid methyl ester (0.080 g, 0.16 mmol) and LiOH (0.016 g, 0.65 mmol) were added in a methanol and water mixture (10 mL, 4:1). After the mixture was refluxed for 2 hours, the solvent was removed in vacuo. 0.5 N HCl was added to residue and the mixture was extracted with ether (2×20 mL). The organic layer was collected, combined, washed with water (2×20 mL) followed by brine (2×10 mL), and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solvent was then removed to afford {4-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid (compound 2, 0.073 g, yield: 94%).

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl_(3 δ) 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.65-1.72 (m, 2H), 2.42 (p, 2H), 2.91 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.34-4.38 (m, 4H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 6.56 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J=0.9, 3 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.15 (m J=8.4 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of compound 3: 2-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 3 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in the first and fourth paragraphs of Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl_(3 δ) 1.40 (s, 6H), 6.21 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.86 (bs, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 220.

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of compound 4: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid tert-butyl ester

Compound 4 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.04 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.65 (s, 6H) 1.75-1.83 (m, 2H), 2.36 (p, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (dd, J=1.5, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.91-6.99 (m, 4H), 7.52 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 561.

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of Compound 5: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-propionic acid tert-butyl ester

Compound 5 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.51 (s, 6H) 1.71-1.81 (m, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 2.98 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.36 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 561.

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of compound 6: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-6-yloxy}-propionic acid tert-butyl ester

Compound 6 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.04 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 1.56 (s, 6H), 1.73-1.83 (m, 2H), 2.35 (p, 2H), 3.01 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.41 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (dd, J=2.1, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 561.

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of Compound 7: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 7 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.04 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.56 (s, 6H) 1.75-1.85 (m, 2H), 2.38 (p, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.02 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (t,J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (dd, J=2.4, 9 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 505.

EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of compound 8: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-6-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 8 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 2H), 2.33 (p, 2H), 2.99 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (dd, J=1.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.53 (m, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 505.

EXAMPLE 9 Preparation of Compound 9: 1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester

Compound 9 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.04 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.75-1.83 (m, 2H), 2.37 (p, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (s, 3H), 3.98 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.89 (dd, J=0.9, 7.5 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 461.

EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of Compound 10: 1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indole-4-carboxylic acid

Compound 10 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.04 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.75-1.83 (m, 2H), 2.38 (p, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.47 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.90(d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 447.

EXAMPLE 11 Preparation of Compound 11: {1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 11 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.73-1.81 (m, 2H), 2.35 (p, 2H), 2.98 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 4.00 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)+: 461.

EXAMPLE 12 Preparation of compound 12: 1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid

Compound 12 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄δ 1.04 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.75-1.85 (m, 2H), 2.43 (p, 2H), 3.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.52 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (dd, J=0.9, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 447.

EXAMPLE 13 Preparation of compound 13: 1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid

Compound 13 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.84 (m, 2H), 2.43 (p, 2H), 2.99(t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 8.22-8.25 (m, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 447.

EXAMPLE 14 Preparation of Compound 14: 1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid

Compound 14 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.81 (m, 2H), 2.38 (p, 2H), 2.99 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.82 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (t, J=7.5, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H) 7.51 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.68(d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 447.

EXAMPLE 15 Preparation of Compound 15: 6-[2-(1-benzenesulfonyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 15 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.88 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.53-1.65 (m, 2H), 2.80(t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.22 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.22-7.41 (m, 4H), 7.48-7.58 (m, 4H), 7.84-7.87 (m, 2H), 8.00 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 529.

EXAMPLE 16 Preparation of Compound 16: 6-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-ethoxy]-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 16 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.59-1.72 (m, 2H), 2.89 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.20 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.21 (m, 3H), 7.38 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (bs, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 389.

EXAMPLE 17 Preparation of Compound 17: 6-[3-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-propoxy]-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 17 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.98 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.66-1.78 (m, 2H), 2.45 (p, 2H), 2.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.36-4.41 (m, 4H), 6.58 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.66-6.68 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.09-7.16 (m, 3H), 7.55 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.20 (bs, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 419.

EXAMPLE 18 Preparation of Compound 18: {1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 18 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.90 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.55-1.69 (m, 2H), 2.21 (p, 2H), 2.86 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.87 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 6.31 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.81-6.96 (m, 4H), 7.39 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 19 Preparation of Compound 19: {3-[2-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-ethyl]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 19 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.95 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.61-1.73 (m, 2H), 2.90 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.31 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.36 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 447.

EXAMPLE 20 Preparation of Compound 20: {1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-6-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 20 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.00 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.80 (m, 2H), 2.96 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.92 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.72-6.80 (m, 2H), 6.84 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 21 Preparation of Compound 21: {5-methoxy-2-methyl-1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 21 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.02 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.81 (m, 2H), 2.27 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.99 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 4.04 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (dd, J=9.0, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H ), 7.52 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 505.

EXAMPLE 22 Preparation of Compound 22: 2-[1-(4-chloro-benzyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 22 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ d 1.68 (s, 6H), 5.22 (s, 2H), 6.55 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.90-7.04 (m, 5H), 7.22 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 344.

EXAMPLE 23 Preparation of Compound 23: 2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-ethyl amine

Compound 23 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.90 (s, 2H), 2.21 (p, 2H), 2.99 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.14 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.51 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.88-6.98 (m, 3H), 7.08 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H). LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 462.

EXAMPLE 24 Preparation of Compound 24: 6-{3-[4-(3,5-dimethyl-isoxazol-4-ylmethoxy)-indol-1-yl]-propoxy}-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 24 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.75-1.82 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.36(m, 2H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.99 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.94 (s, 2H), 6.53 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (t, J=7.5, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 528.

EXAMPLE 25 Preparation of Compound 25: N-(2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-ethyl)-methanesulfonamide

Compound 25 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.04 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.75-1.83 (m, 2H), 2.36 (p, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (s, 3H), 3.64 (q, J=5.1, 5.4, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.99 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.98-7.02 (m, 2H), 7.09 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 540.

EXAMPLE 26 Preparation of Compound 26: 6-[3-(1H-indol-5-yloxy)-propoxy]-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 26 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.62-1.72 (m, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 2.90 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.23 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.44-6.45 (m, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J=1.2, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.15 (m, 3H), 7.25 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (bs, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 419.

EXAMPLE 27 Preparation of Compound 27: 6-[3-(1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 27 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.93 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.63-1.71 (m, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 2.90 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.45-6.47 (m, 1H), 6.79 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 7.04-7.07 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.53 (m, 2H), 8.04 (bs, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 419.

EXAMPLE 28 Preparation of Compound 28: {5-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 28 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.95 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.65-1.73 (m, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 2.91 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.23 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 6.45 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=1.5, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.16 (m, 4H), 7.54 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 29 Preparation of Compound 29: {6-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 29 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.63-1.71 (m, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 2.89 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 6.48 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.54 (m, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 30 Preparation of Compound 30: {1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 30 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.99 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.70-1.80 (m, 2H) 2.62 (bs, 2H), 2.91-2.98 (t, 2H), 3.90 (bs, 2H), 4.29 (bs, 2H), 4.55 (bs, 2H), 6.34 (bs, 1H), 6.80-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.95-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.22 (bd, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 477.

EXAMPLE 31 Preparation of Compound 31: 6-{2-[1-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-ethoxy}-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 31 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.87 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.57-1.62 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.84 (m, 2H), 3.24 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.34 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.59 (m, 5H), 7.97-8.00 (m, 2H), 8.26 (s, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 665.

EXAMPLE 32 Preparation of Compound 32: 6-{3-[1-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-propoxy}-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 32 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.88 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.60-1.70 (m, 2H), 2.38 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.84-2.90 (m, 2H), 4.27-4.32 (m, 4H), 6.72 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.31 (m, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 695.

EXAMPLE 33 Preparation of Compound 33: 7-propyl-6-{3-[4-(2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-indol-1-yl]-propoxy}-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 33 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): MeOH-d₄ δ 0.95 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.65-1.74 (m, 2H), 2.28 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.87-2.93 (m, 2H), 3.99 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.36 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 5.48 (s, 2H), 6.52-6.57 (m, 2H), 6.93-7.06 (m, 4H), 7.52 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 501.

EXAMPLE 34 Preparation of Compound 34: 7-propyl-6-{3-[3-(2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-indol-1-yl]-propoxy}-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 34 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.00 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.80 (m, 2H), 2.35 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.93-2.99 (m, 2H), 4.08 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.38-4.44 (m, 4H). 6.99-7.14 (m, 4H), 7.36-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.56 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 485.

EXAMPLE 35 Preparation of Compound 35: 7-propyl-6-{3-[1-(2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-propoxy}-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 35 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.60-1.69 (m, 2H), 2.39 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 5.64 (s, 2H), 6.55-6.59 (m, 2H), 6.97-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 501.

EXAMPLE 36 Preparation of Compound 36: {1-[2-(methyl-pyridin-2-yl-amino)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 36 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 326.

EXAMPLE 37 Preparation of Compound 37: 2-{1-[3-(2,3-dimethyl-indol-1-yl)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propan-2-ol

Compound 37 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.65 (s, 6H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 2.25 (p, J=7 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H), 4.10 (t, J=7 Hz, 2H), 6.56-6.61 (m, 2H), 6.93 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.07 (m, 5H), 7.44-7.47 (m, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 405.

EXAMPLE 38 Preparation of Compound 38: 2-methyl-2-[1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-acetyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-propionic acid

Compound 38 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 601.

EXAMPLE 39 Preparation of Compound 39: 2-methyl-2-[1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-acetyl)-1H-indol-5-yloxy]-propionic acid

Compound 39 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.62 (s, 6H) 1.75-1.82 (m, 2H), 2.47 (p, 2H), 2.99 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.96 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (dd, J=2.1, 9 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 601.

EXAMPLE 40 Preparation of Compound 40: 2-methyl-2-[1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-acetyl)-1H-indol-6-yloxy]-propionic acid

Compound 40 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.57 (s, 6H), 1.73-1.80 (m, 2H), 2.42 (p, 2H), 2.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.06 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.43 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.93-7.03 (m, 3H), 7.53 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 601.

EXAMPLE 41 Preparation of Compound 41: {4-[3-(5,7-dichloro-2-methyl-quinolin-8-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 41 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.39 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 2.65 (s, 3H), 4.40 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 4.53 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 6.49-6.52 (m, 2H), 6.71 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (t, J=8, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 8.27 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 460.

EXAMPLE 42 Preparation of Compound 42: (4-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenoxy]-propoxy}-indol-1-yl)-acetic acid

Compound 42 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.37 (t, J=6 Hz, 2H), 4.27-4.33 (m, 4H), 4.83 (s, 2H), 6.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.93-7.15 (m, 6H), 7.72-7.78 (m, 4H).

HRMS-FAB (M⁺): 447.15.

EXAMPLE 43 Preparation of Compound 43: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 43 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ d 1.71(s, 6H), 2.14-2.18 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.74-2.79(t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.19-4.23 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.53-6.56 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.63-6.64 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.74-6.76 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 6.85-6.88 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94-6.97 (m, 2H), 8.17 (bs, 4H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 371.

EXAMPLE 44 Preparation of Compound 44: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(4-pyrrol-1-yl-phenoxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 44 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.66 (s, 6H), 2.24-2.28 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.82-3.85 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.30-4.34 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.30-6.31 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 6.53-6.54 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 6.86-6.89 (dd, J1=2.1 Hz, J2=4.8 Hz, 2H), 6.97-6.98 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 2H), 7.01-7.03 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.27 (dd, J1=2.1 Hz, J2=4.2 Hz, 2H),

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 419.

EXAMPLE 45 Preparation of Compound 45: 2-{1-[3-(2-benzoyl-phenoxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 45 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.63 (s, 6H), 1.94-1.98 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.78-3.86 (m, 4H), 6.41-6.42 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.55-6.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.78-6.79 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.83-6.88 (t, J1=7.5 Hz, J2=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.96-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.48 (m, 4H), 7.53-7.55 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.84-7.85 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 458.

EXAMPLE 46 Preparation of Compound 46: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenoxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 46 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.67 (s, 6H), 2.26-2.30 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.77-3.85 (m, 11H), 4.32-4.36 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.53-6.54 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.56-6.58 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.01-7.02 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 444.

EXAMPLE 47 Preparation of Compound 47: 2-{1-[3-(4-methoxy-phenylsulfanyl)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 47 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NM (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.65 (s, 6H), 2.04-2.08 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.71-2.75 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 4.20-4.25 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.51-6.52 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1h), 6.56-6.59 (t, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 6.79-6.83 (dd, J1=2.1 Hz, J2=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.01 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04-7.06 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 2H), 7.28-7.31 (dd, J1=2.1 Hz, J2=4.5 Hz, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 400.

EXAMPLE 48 Preparation of Compound 48: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(4-nitro-phenylsulfanyl)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 48 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.68 (s, 6H), 2.19-2.33 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.88-2.93 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.26-4.31 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.56-6.57 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.59-6.62 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.07 (m, 3H), 7.11-7.16 (dd, J1=1.8 Hz, J2=4.8 Hz, 2H), 8.00-8.04 (dd, J1=1.8 Hz, J2=5.1 Hz, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 417.

EXAMPLE 49 Preparation of Compound 49: 2-{1-[3-(dibenzofuran-1-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 49 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.65 (s, 6H), 2.30-2.34 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.93-3.97 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.36-4.41 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.51-6.52 (t, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.56-6.58 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.00-7.06 (m, 3H), 7.10-7.13 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.51-7.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83-7.86 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 444.

EXAMPLE 50 Preparation of Compound 50: diethyl-(2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-ethyl)-amine

Compound 50 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 6H), 1.74-1.81 (m, 2H), 2.33 (p, 2H), 2.66 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 4H), 2.91 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.98 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.34 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=9 Hz, 3H), 7.00 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 518.

EXAMPLE 51 Preparation of Compound 51: 2-{1-[3-(1-carboxymethyl-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid tert-butyl ester

Compound 51 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.42 (s, 6H), 1.62 (s, 6H), 2.26 (p, 2H), 3.89 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 6.40-6.44 (m, 2H), 6.53 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.96-7.02 (m, 5H), 7.10 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 507.

EXAMPLE 52 Preparation of Compound 52: 2-{1-[3-(1H-indol-5-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 52 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.62 (s, 6H), 2.28 (p, 2H), 3.91 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.36 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.42-6.44 (m, 1H), 6.49 (dd, J=0.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (dd, J=0.6, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.02-7.07 (m, 3H), 7.11-7.17 (m, 2H), 7.27 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 393.

EXAMPLE 53 Preparation of Compound 53: 7-propyl-6-{3-[1-(2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-5-yloxy]-propoxy}-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 53 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): MeOH-d₄ δ 0.88 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.59-1.68 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.91 (m, 2H), 4.19 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.34 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 5.57 (s, 2H), 6.78 (dd, J=9.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.60 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 501.

EXAMPLE 54 Preparation of Compound 54: 7-propyl-6-{3-[1-(2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-6-yloxy]-propoxy}-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 54 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): DMSO-d₆ δ 0.79-0.85 (m, 3H), 1.53-1.65 (m, 2H), 2.13-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.90 (m, 2H), 4.14- 4.19 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.36 (m, 2H), 5.66 (s, 2H), 6.37 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (bs, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.74 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 501.

EXAMPLE 55 Preparation of Compound 55: {4-[3-(7-trifluoromethyl-quinolin-4-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 55 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.46 (m, 2H), 4.34 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 6.49 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (m, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J=1.5, 9.0 Hz) 8.19 (s, 1H). 8.27 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H) 8.64 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 445.

EXAMPLE 56 Preparation of Compound 56: {4-[3-(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 56 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.26 (m, 2H), 3.29 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H) 6.65 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H) 6.92, (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H) 7.07 (m, 2H), 7.16 (m, 2H), 8.12 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 343.

EXAMPLE 57 Preparation of Compound 57: {4-[4-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-butoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 57 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.99 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.60-1.82 (m, 2H), 2.15 (bs, 4H), 2.89-3.00 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.33 (m, 4H), 4.88 (s, 2H), 6.54-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.98 (m, 1H), 7.03-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.20-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 491.

EXAMPLE 58 Preparation of Compound 58: {4-[5-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-pentyloxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 58 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.94 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.65-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.92-2.02 (m, 4H), 2.91 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.12-4.22 (m, 4H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 6.50-6.55 (m, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.20 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 505.

EXAMPLE 59 Preparation of Compound 59: {1-[4-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-butyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 59 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.89 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.55-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.85 (m, 2H), 2.01-2.10 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.90 (m, 2H), 4.06 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H, 4.24 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 6.40 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.10-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.55 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 491.

EXAMPLE 60 Preparation of Compound 60: {4-[2-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-ethoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 60 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.90 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.50-1.79 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.95 (m, 2H), 4.47-4.60 (m, 4H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 6.48 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.33 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 463.

EXAMPLE 61 Preparation of Compound 61: {1-[5-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-pentyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 61 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.92 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.45-1.70 (m, 4H), 1.78-1.95 (m, 4H), 2.75-2.89 (m, 2H), 3.98-4.20 (m, 4H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 6.44 (bs, 1H), 6.64 (bs, 1H), 6.90-7.07 (m, 4H), 7.45-7.57 (m, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 505.

EXAMPLE 62 Preparation of Compound 62: {1-[3-(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 62 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.06 (p, 2H), 3.30 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H) 6.42 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.98-7.10 (m, 3H), 7.37-7.50 (m, 3H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.95-7.99 (m, 2H), 8.22 (s, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 444.

EXAMPLE 63 Preparation of Compound 63: 2-methyl-2-(1-{3-[4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-propionic acid

Compound 63 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.62 (s, 6H), 2.51 (p, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.52 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.46-6.54 (m, 2H), 6.88-7.03 (m, 5H), 7.90 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 422.

EXAMPLE 64 Preparation of Compound 64: 2-methyl-2-(1-{3-[4-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-propionic acid

Compound 64 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.70 (s, 6H), 2.59 (p, 2H), 3.89 (s, 2H), 4.25 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.60 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.59-6.64 (m, 2H), 7.00-7.16 (m, 5H), 8.00 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 437.

EXAMPLE 65 Preparation of Compound 65: 2-(1-{3-[4-(2-benzyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 65 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.66 (s, 6H), 2.58 (p, 2H), 4.24 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.59 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 5.15 (s, 2H), 6.58-6.61 (m, 2H), 7.08-7.15 (m, 5H), 7.35-7.48 (m, 5H), 8.09 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 512.

EXAMPLE 66 Preparation of Compound 66: 2-methyl-2-(1-{3-[4-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-propionic acid

Compound 66 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.71(s, 6H), 2.29 (p, 2H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 3.90 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.34 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.55-6.60 (m, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.00-7.07 (m, 5H), 7.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 436.

EXAMPLE 67 Preparation of Compound 67: 2-{1-[3-(6-benzoyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 67 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.65 (s, 6H), 2.33-2.37 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.98-4.01 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.36-4.40 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.53 (bs, 2H), 7.00-7.10 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.52 (t, J1=7.2 Hz, J2=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.59 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.70-7.73 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.79-7.83 (m, 3H), 7.79-7.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (s, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 508.

EXAMPLE 68 Preparation of Compound 68: 2-{1-[3-(9H-carbazol-3-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 68 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.65 (s, 6H), 2.28-2.32 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.88-3.91 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35-4.40 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.50-6.51 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.57-6.59 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.72-6.72 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.81-6.84 (m, 2H), 7.03-7.05 (m, 2H), 7.11-7.13 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.32-7.34 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.89-7.96 (m, 3H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 443.

EXAMPLE 69 Preparation of Compound 69: {4-[3-(7-chloro-quinolin-4-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 69 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.42 (m, 2H), 4.32 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.52 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 6.41 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 11H), 6.91 (m, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=1.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 411.

EXAMPLE 70 Preparation of Compound 70: {4-[3-(8-trifluoromethyl-quinolin-4-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 70 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.44 (m, 2H), 4.10 (m, 2H), 4.32 (m, 2H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 6.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (m, 1H), 6.96 (m, 1H), 7.03 (m, 1H), 7.46 (m, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=6.96 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.73 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 445.

EXAMPLE 71 Preparation of Compound 71: {4-[3-(2-methyl-quinolin-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 71 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.03 (m, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 4.22 (m, 4H), 4.67 (s, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (m, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (m, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 391.

EXAMPLE 72 Preparation of Compound 72: 4-{3-[4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenoxy]-propoxy}-1-{3-[4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indole

Compound 72 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.53-2.64 (m, 4H), 4.20-4.26 (m, 4H), 4.55 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.91 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H) 6.90-6.96 (m, 5H), 7.07-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.93-7.98 (m, 4H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 538.

EXAMPLE 73 Preparation of Compound 73: (5-{3-[4-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-phenoxy]-propoxy}-indol-1-yl)-acetic acid

Compound 73 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.29 (p, 2H), 2.64 (s, 3H), 4.19-4.26 (m, 4H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 6.45 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H) 6.98 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.94 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 408.

EXAMPLE 74 Preparation of Compound 74: 5-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-ylmethylene}-thiazolidine-2,4-dione

Compound 74 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+DMSO-d₄ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.74-1.82 (m, 2H), 2.37 (p, 2H), 2.98 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.02 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (t, J=6.6Hz, 2H), 6.57 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=1.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 530.

EXAMPLE 75 Preparation of Compound 75: 2-methyl-2-(1-{3-[4-(5-phenyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-propionic acid

Compound 75 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.67 (s, 6H), 2.30 (p, 2H), 3.91 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.51 (dd, J=2.4, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.94-7.02 (m, 5H), 7.52-7.60 (m, 3H), 8.07 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 8.19 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 498.

EXAMPLE 76 Preparation of Compound 76: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 76 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.04 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.67 (s, 6H), 1.77-1.83 (m, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.01 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.51-6.61 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.01-7.13 (m, 4H), 7.50-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.90-7.92 (m, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 513.

EXAMPLE 77 Preparation of Compound 77: 2-[1-(3-carbazol-9-yl-propyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 77 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ d 1.67 (s, 6H), 2.41-2.45 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.10-4.15 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.25-4.30 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.57-6.58 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (s, 1H), 6.88-6.91 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.21 (m, 4H), 7.36-7.41 (t, J1=7.2 Hz, J2=7.5 Hz, 2H), 8.06-8.09 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 427.

EXAMPLE 78 Preparation of Compound 78: 2-methyl-2-[1-(3-phenoxazin-10-yl-propyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-propionic acid

Compound 78 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.69 (s, 6H), 2.20-2.25 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.28-4.42 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.13-6.15 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.61-6.83 (m, 8H), 7.01-7.04 (m, 4H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 443.

EXAMPLE 79 Preparation of Compound 79: 2-methyl-2-[1-(3-phenothiazin-10-yl-propyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-propionic acid

Compound 79 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.61 (s, 6H), 2.26-2.30 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.74-3.78 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.21-4.25 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.36-6.37 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.72-6.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.83-6.84 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.92-6.97 (m, 4H), 7.08-7.16 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.23 (m, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 459.

EXAMPLE 80 Preparation of Compound 80: 6-{3-[1-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-propoxy}-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 80 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.85-0.95 (m, 3H), 1.50-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.41 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.89 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (s, 3H), 4.30-4.40 (m, 4H), 5.53 (s, 2H), 6.56 (dd, J=6.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.55 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 515.

EXAMPLE 81 Preparation of Compound 81: 6-{3-[1-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-propoxy}-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 81 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.85-0.92 (m, 3H), 1.65-1.80 (m, 2H), 2.43 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.80-3.00 (m, 2H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 4.30-4.42 (m, 4H), 5.71 (s, 2H), 6.60 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.21 (m, 3H), 7.56 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 515.

EXAMPLE 82 Preparation of Compound 82: {4-[3-methyl-5-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-pentyloxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 82 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.95 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.17-1.63 (m, 3H), 1.85-1.63 (m, 4H), 2.00-2.20 (m, 4H), 2.85-2.95 (m, 2H), 4.12-4.25 (m, 4H), 4.72 (s, 2H), 6.40-6.58 (m, 2H), 6.75-6.90 (m, 1H), 6.96 (bs, 1H), 7.02-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.60 (m, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 519.

EXAMPLE 83 Preparation of Compound 83: {5-[3-methyl-5-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-pentyloxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 83 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.95-1.02 (m, 3H), 1.05-1.12 (m, 3H), 1.65-1.83 (m, 4H), 1.89-2.10 (m, 4H), 2.85-2.95 (m, 2H), 4.03-4.13 (m, 2H), 4.15-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 6.39 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.20 (m, 4H). 7.55 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 519.

EXAMPLE 84 Preparation of Compound 84: {1-[2-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-ethyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 84 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.87 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.49-1.58 (m, 2H), 2.74 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.40-4.46 (m, 2H), 4.60-4.65 (m, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 6.46 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.65-6.70 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.12 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.20 (m, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 463.

EXAMPLE 85 Preparation of Compound 85: 2-methyl-2-[1-(4-phenoxazin-10-yl-butyl)-1H-indol-4-yloxy]-propionic acid

Compound 85 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

HRMS-FAB (M⁺): 456.20.

EXAMPLE 86 Preparation of Compound 86: 2-{1-[3-(5-chloro-benzooxazol-2-ylamino)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 86 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 428.

EXAMPLE 87 Preparation of Compound 87: {1-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 87 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.05 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.77-1.85 (m, 2H), 2.32 (m, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J=2.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.26(d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.61 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.89-7.92 (m, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 485.

EXAMPLE 88 Preparation of Compound 88: {5-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 88 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.95 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.68-1.73 (m, 2H), 2.38 (p, 2H), 2.91 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.31-4.37 (m, 4H), 4.86 (s, 2H), 6.57 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.97-7.02 (m, 3H), 7.24-7.64 (m, 4H), 7.90-7.92 (m, 2H).

LC/MS (M+1)⁺: 485.

EXAMPLE 89 Preparation of Compound 89: 3-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 89 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 90 Preparation of Compound 90: 3-{5-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-propionic acid

Compound 90 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.65-1.72 (m, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 2.83-2.93 (m, 4H), 4.22 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 6.70 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.10 (m, 3H), 7.21 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 91 Preparation of Compound 91: 4-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-butyric acid

Compound 91 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 92 Preparation of Compound 92: 2-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 92 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 93 Preparation of Compound 93: 2-{5-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-propionic acid

Compound 93 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

EXAMPLE 94 Preparation of Compound 94: {1-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 94 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 95 Preparation of Compound 95: {1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 95 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 96 Preparation of Compound 96: (1-{3-[7-propyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-acetyl)-1H-indol-6-yloxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-acetic acid

Compound 96 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 97 Preparation of Compound 97: {1-[3-(6-benzoyl-1-propyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 97 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H ), 1.59-1.71 (m, 2H), 2.26 (p, 2H), 3.08 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 6.34-6.37 (m, 1H), 6.55 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93-6.99 (m, 3H), 7.07 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.87 (dd, J=1.5, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H) 8.12 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 98 Preparation of Compound 98: {1-[2-methyl-3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 98 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 99 Preparation of Compound 99: {6-methoxy-1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 99 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 100 Preparation of Compound 100: {6-methoxy-5-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 100 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

EXAMPLE 101 Preparation of Compound 101: C-[1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-4-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]-methylamine

Compound 101 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 102 Preparation of Compound 102: 6-{3-[3-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-4-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-indol-1-yl]-propoxy}-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 102 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 103 Preparation of Compound 103: 6-{3-[3-piperazin-1-ylmethyl-4-(1H-tetrazol-5-ylmethoxy)-indol-1-yl]-propoxy}-7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazole

Compound 103 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 104 Preparation of Compound 104: {1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 104 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 105 Preparation of Compound 105: {1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-6-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 105 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 106 Preparation of Compound 106: {1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 106 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 107 Preparation of Compound 107: {1-[3-(methyl-pyridin-2-yl-amino)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 107 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 108 Preparation of Compound 108: {4-[3-(methyl-pyridin-2-yl-amino)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 108 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

EXAMPLE 109 Preparation of Compound 109: 5-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid

Compound 109 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

EXAMPLE 110 Preparation of Compound 110: {2-methyl-5-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-1H-indol-3-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 110 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

EXAMPLE 111 Preparation of Compound 111: 4-{1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-butyric acid

Compound 111 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.72-1.82 (m, 2H), 2.20 (p, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 2.65 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.99 (t, J=7.2, 7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.49 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.157 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.89-6.97 (m, 3H), 7.07 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.50(d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 112 Preparation of Compound 112: {5-[3-(6-benzoyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 112 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 2.23-2.32 (m, 2H), 4.16 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.71 (s, 2H), 6.36 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (dd, J=2.1, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.04-7.14(m, 4H), 7.40-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.69-7.74(m, 4H), 7.81 (dd, J=1.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 479.17.

EXAMPLE 113 Preparation of Compound 113: {4-[3-(6-benzoyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 113 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 2.35-2.45 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.40 (m, 4H), 4.78 (s, 2H), 6.54 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 7.05-7.12 (m, 1H), 7.15-7.81 (m, 4H), 2H), 7.43-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.53-7.57 (m, 1H ), 7.68 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.81 (m, 4H), 7.85 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-FAB (M⁺): 479.17.

EXAMPLE 114 Preparation of Compound 114: (1-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-acetic acid

Compound 114 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

EXAMPLE 115 Preparation of Compound 115: (6-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenoxy]-propoxy}-indol-1-yl)-acetic acid

Compound 115 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 2.26-2.34 (m, 2H), 4.19 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 6.46-6.49 (m, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (dd, J=2.0, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.94-6.99 (m, 3H), 7.08-7.16 (m, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.81 (m, 4H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 447.15.

EXAMPLE 116 Preparation of Compound 116: [6-(3-phenoxazin-10-yl-propoxy)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid

Compound 116 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.10-2.19 (m, 2H), 3.78-3.83 (m, 2H), 4.15 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 6.40 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.54-6.67 (m, 6H), 6.70-6.82 (m, 4H), 7.03 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 414.16.

EXAMPLE 117 Preparation of Compound 117: (5-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-phenoxy]-propoxy}-indol-1-yl)-acetic acid

Compound 117 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 2.30-2.35 (m, 2H), 4.20-4.30 (m, 4H), 4.84 (s, 2H), 6.48 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.04 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.18 (m, 4H), 7.75-7.82 (m, 4H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 447.15.

EXAMPLE 118 Preparation of Compound 118: [5-(3-phenoxazin-10-yl-propoxy)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid

Compound 118 is prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

EXAMPLE 119 Preparation of Compound 119: {4-[3-(2-benzoyl-4-chloro-phenoxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 119 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 2.35-2.42 (m, 2H), 4.05-4.10 (m, 2H), 4.59 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.82 (s, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.01-7.07 (m, 3H), 7.13-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.50 (m, 2H), 8.05 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 463.12.

EXAMPLE 120 Preparation of Compound 120: [4-(3-carbazol-9-yl-propoxy)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid

Compound 120 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.97-2.03 (m, 2H), 3.74 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.09 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 6.24 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 7.03-7.09 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.41-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.68-7.73 (m, 2H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 398.16.

EXAMPLE 121 Preparation of Compound 121: [4-(4-phenoxazin-10-yl-butoxy)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid

Compound 121 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.82-1.97(m, 4H), 3.49-3.60 (m, 2H), 4.11-4.16 (m, 2H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 6.41-6.48 (m, 4H), 6.49-6.58 (m, 4H), 6.61-6.69 (m, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 7.04 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 428.17.

EXAMPLE 122 Preparation of Compound 122: 1-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-ol

Compound 122 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.02 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.71-1.84 (m, 2H), 2.33 (p, 2H), 2.98 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.93 (s, 1H), 6.34 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.02 (m, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 123 Preparation of Compound 123: 2-{1-[3-(3-cyano-7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 123 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.02 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.37 (s, 6H), 1.39-1.70 (m, 2H), 2.30 (p, 2H), 2.88 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.60 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.03-7.14 (m, 3H), 7.49 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.63 (bs, 1H).

EXAMPLE 124 Preparation of Compound 124: {1-[3-(3-cyano-7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 124 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.93 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.36-1.63 (m, 2H), 2.20 (p, 2H), 2.82 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (s, 2H), 6.43 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.18 (m, 3H), 7.41 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (bs, 1H).

EXAMPLE 125 Preparation of Compound 125: {4-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 125 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.968 (t, J=4.8 Hz, 3H), 1.710-1.771 (m, 2H), 2.415-2.450 (m, 2H), 2.934 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.335 (q, J=4.8 Hz, 4H), 4.880 (s, 2H), 6.595 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.682 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.878 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.986 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.029 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.155 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.508-7.556 (m, 2H), 7.648 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.933 (dd, J=1.2, 7.2 Hz, 2H).

EXAMPLE 126 Preparation of Compound 126: {5-[3-(3-cyano-7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 126 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.95 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.36-1.51 (m, 2H), 2.40 (p, 2H), 2.73 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.14-4.18 (m, 4H), 4.89 (s, 2H), 6.37-6.38 (m, 1H), 6.80 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (t, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 127 Preparation of Compound 127: {4-[2-methyl-3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 127 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.87 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.28 (d, J=10.2 Hz, 3H), 1.55-1.67 (m, 2H), 2.52-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.83 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.07-4.20 (m, 4H), 4.77 (s, 2H), 6.48 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.77(d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.99-7.08 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 128 Preparation of Compound 128: 2-{4-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-butyric acid

Compound 128 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.81-0.88 (m, 6H), 1.54-1.66 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.26 (m, 2H), 2.33 (p, 2H), 2.82 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.24-4.29 (m, 4H), 4.78 (dd, J=6.0, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 6.99-7.05 (m, 3H), 7.44(d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 129 Preparation of Compound 129: {6-[3-(6-benzoyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 129 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.34-2.42 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.32 (m, 2H), 4.33-4.40 (m, 2H), 4.78 (s, 2H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 6.76-6.83 (m, 2H), 7.01 (s, 1H), 7.18-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.55 (m, 5H), 7.60-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.85-7.91 (m, 1H), 8.18 (s, 1H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 479.17.

EXAMPLE 130 Preparation of Compound 130: 3-{4-[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-propionic acid

Compound 130 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.86 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.54-1.64 (m, 2H), 2.33 (p, 2H), 2.74 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.25-4.35 (m, 6H), 6.45-6.48 (m, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (t, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.99-7.07 (m, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 131 Preparation of Compound 131: {6-[3-(6-benzoyl-1-propyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 131 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.01 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.60-1.72 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.37 (m, 2H), 3.03-3.16 (m, 2H), 4.23 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.32 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 6.41 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.74-6.80 (m, 2H), 6.95 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.54 (m, 4H), 7.58-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.80-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.91 (dd, J=1.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-FAB (M⁺): 521.22.

EXAMPLE 132 Preparation of Compound 132: (6-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-2-propyl-phenoxy]-propoxy}-indol-1-yl)-acetic acid

Compound 132 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.93 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.55-1.65(m, 2H), 2.29-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.65 (m, 2H), 4.15-4.27 (m, 4H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 6.41 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.72-6.78 (m, 2H), 6.90 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.62 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.80 (m, 2H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 489.2.

EXAMPLE 133 Preparation of Compound 133: (5-{3-[7-propyl-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-acetyl)-1H-indol-6-yloxy]-propoxy}-indol-1-yl)-acetic acid

Compound 133 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.56-1.64 (m, 2H), 2.25 (p, 2H), 3.01 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.52 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.68 (s, 2H), 6.39 (m, 1H), 6.79 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (m, 1H), 7.13 (m, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 8.05 (bs, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 134 Preparation of Compound 134: {1-[3-(2-phenyl-7-propyl-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 134 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.044 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.784-1.839 (m, 2H), 2.284-2.313 (m, 2H), 3.009 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.938 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.389 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.803 (s, 2H), 6.446 (dd, J=2.8, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.607 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.727 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.925 (s, 1H), 7.026-7.088 (m, 3H), 7.251-7.323 (m, 2H), 7.422 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.821 (dd, J=1.2, 8.4 Hz, 2H).

EXAMPLE 135 Preparation of Compound 135: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(2-phenyl-7-propyl-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 135 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.100 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.705 (s, 6H), 1.835-1.899 (m, 2H), 2.297-2.343 (m, 2H), 3.064 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.954 (t, J=5.6Hz, 2H), 6.4 Hz, 2H), 6.591-6.619 (m, 2H), 6.755 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.952 (s, 1H), 7.027-7.142 (m, 3H), 7.294-7.356 (m, 2H), 7.455 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.862 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

EXAMPLE 136 Preparation of Compound 136: 1-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-ol

Compound 136 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.053 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 3H), 1.627-1.709 (m, 2H), 2.295 (quintet, J=4.0, 8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.791 (quintet, J=4.0, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 3.913 (t, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 4.342 (t, J=4.4 Hz, 2H), 6.261 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.503 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.547 (dd, J=0.4, 2.0 Hz, H), 6.934 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 6.960 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.038 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.384 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.450-7.475 (m, 2H), 7.524-7.537 (m, 1H), 7.606-7.621 (m, 2H).

EXAMPLE 137 Preparation of Compound 137: {4-[3-(6-benzoyl-1-propyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 137 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 1.01 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.60-1.71 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.45 (m, 2H), 3.03-3.11 (m, 2H), 4.35-4.41 (m, 4H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 6.55 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.56-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.91 (dd, J=1.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-FAB (M⁺): 521.22.

EXAMPLE 138 Preparation of Compound 138: (4-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-2-propyl-phenoxy]-propoxy}-indol-1-yl)-acetic acid

Compound 138 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.92 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.50-1.65 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.57-2.64 (m, 2H), 4.22-4.29 (m, 4H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 6.46 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.84-6.90 (m, 2H), 6.98-7.03 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.15 (m, 2H), 7.57-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.78 (m, 2H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 489.20.

EXAMPLE 139 Preparation of Compound 139: {5-[3-(6-benzoyl-1-propyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 139 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.01 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.61-1.70 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.38 (m, 2H), 3.07 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 6.45 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=2.1, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.08-7.12 (m, 2H), 7.31 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.56-7.61 (m, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.81-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.91 (dd, J=1.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-FAB (M⁺): 521.22.

EXAMPLE 140 Preparation of Compound 140: (5-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-2-propyl-phenoxy]-propoxy}-indol-1-yl)-acetic acid

Compound 140 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.92 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.54-1.65 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.34 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.65 (m, 2H), 4.16 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.24 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 6.36 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.03-7.16 (m, 4H), 7.57-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.79 (m, 2H)

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 489.20.

EXAMPLE 141 Preparation of Compound 141: 2-(1-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-2-propyl-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 141 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.68 (s, 6H), 1.71-1.76 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.38 (m, 2H), 2.73(t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.98 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (dd, J=1.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.08-718 (m, 5H), 7.59 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.82 (m, 2H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 517.23.

EXAMPLE 142 Preparation of Compound 142: 2-(1-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-2-propyl-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 142 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.58 (s, 6H), 1.68-1.76 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.73 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (dd, J=1.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (dd, J=2.4, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.13-7.23 (m, 5H), 7.59 (dd, J=2.4, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78-7.83 (m, 2H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 517.23.

EXAMPLE 143 Preparation of Compound 143: 2-(1-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-2-propyl-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 143 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.56 (s, 6H), 1.67-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.34 (m, 2H), 2.72 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.95 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.33(t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.45 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (dd, J=1.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.5 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (dd, J=2.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.82 (m, 2H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 517.22.

EXAMPLE 144 Preparation of Compound 144: {4-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 144 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.952 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.674-1.712 (m, 2H), 2.366-2.395 (m, 2H), 2.885-2.910 (m, 2H), 4.273 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.352 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.830 (s, 2H), 6.581 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.670 (dd, J=0.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.845 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.941 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.950 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.130 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.320-7.347 (m, 1H), 7.427-7.455 (m, 2H), 7.547 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.608-7.624 (m, 2H), 7.696 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 145 Preparation of Compound 145: {4-[3-(2-phenyl-7-propyl-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 145 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.960 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.705-1.793 (m, 2H), 2.372 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.931 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.258 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.354 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 6.585 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.678 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.863 (dd, J=5.2, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.914 (s, 1H), 6.972 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.117-7.332 (m, 4H), 7.408 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.806 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

EXAMPLE 146 Preparation of Compound 146: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 146 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.050 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.760-1.816 (m, 2H), 2.302-2.332 (m, 2H), 2.986 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.967 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.387 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 6.543 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.575 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.814 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.029 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.069 (s, 1H), 7.108 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.355 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.452 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.542 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.614-7.635 (m, 2H), 7.727 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 147 Preparation of Compound 147: {1-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 147 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.051 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.847-1.872 (m, 2H), 2.294-2.324 (m, 2H), 3.000 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.962 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.389 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.807 (s, 2H), 6.448 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.816 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.016-7.112 (m, 3H), 7.351 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.457 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.545 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.622-7.643 (m, 2H), 7.734 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 148 Preparation of Compound 148: {1-[3-(3-phenyl-7-propyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 148 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.024 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.776-1.811 (m, 2H), 2.155 (br m 2H), 2.992 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.955 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.365 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.899 (s, 2H), 6.418 (d, J=7.2 Hz 2H), 6.611 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.815 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.989-7.037 (m, 3H), 7.493-7.526 (m, 3H), 7.594 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.906 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 149 Preparation of Compound 149: 2-{1-[3-(6-benzoyl-1-propyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 149 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.12 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.67 (s, 6H), 1.71-1.80 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.40 (m, 2H), 3.18 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.44(t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (dd, J=0.6, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.49-7.62 (m, 4H), 7.61 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.88-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.97(dd, J=1.8, 9 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 549.25.

EXAMPLE 150 Preparation of Compound 150: 2-{1-[3-(6-benzoyl-1-propyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 150 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.12 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.57 (s, 6H), 1.73-1.81 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.40 (m, 2H), 3.16-3.21 (m, 2H), 4.08 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.44 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2H), 6.44 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (dd, J=2.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.17-7.28 (m, 5H), 749-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (dd, J=1.8, 8.7 nHz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 549.25.

EXAMPLE 151 Preparation of Compound 151: 2-{1-[3-(6-benzoyl-1-propyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-6-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 151 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.11 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.53 (s, 6H), 1.53-1.77 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.37 (m, 2H), 3.18 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.39(t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 6.46 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (dd, J=2.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.62-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (dd, J=1.2, 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (dd, J=1.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 549.25.

EXAMPLE 152 Preparation of Compound 152: {5-[3-(7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 152 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.89 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.55-1.62 (m, 2H), 2.21 (p, 2H), 2.73 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.08-4.19 (m, 4H), 4.76 (s, 2H), 6.39 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (dd, J=2.4, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.03-7.05 (m, 3H), 7.32 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (bs, 1H).

EXAMPLE 153 Preparation of Compound 153: 2-(1-{3-[2-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 153 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.09 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.69 (s, 6H), 1.72-1.82 (m, 2H), 2.35 (p, 2H), 2.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.02 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (dd, J=0.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (dd, J=0.6, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.25 (m, 6H), 7.49 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.98-8.03 (m, 2H), 9.18 (bs, 1H).

EXAMPLE 154 Preparation of Compound 154: 2-(1-{3-[3-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-1,7-dipropyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 154 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.01 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (t, J=7.5Hz, 3H), 1.69 (s, 6H), 1.60-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.95 (m, 2H), 2.36 (p, 2H), 3.00 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.27 (m, 5H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.81-7.86 (m, 2H), 8.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 155 Preparation of Compound 155: 2-(1-{3-[3-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-6-propoxy-indol-1-yl]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 155 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.67 (s, 6H), 1.85-1.92 (m, 2H), 2.35 (p, 2H), 3.96 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (dd, J=0.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (dd, J=0.6, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.95-7.20 (m, 6H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.82-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.27 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 156 Preparation of Compound 156: 2-(1-{ 3-[3-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 156 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.06 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.68 (s, 6H), 1.63-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.95 (m, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 2.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.00 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.20 (m, 5H), 7.60 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.82-7.89 (m, 2H), 8.13 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.57 (bs, 1H).

EXAMPLE 157 Preparation of Compound 157: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(1-phenyl-4-propyl-1H-benzoimidazol-5-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 157 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.04 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.73 (s, 6H), 1.73-1.84 (m, 2H), 2.33 (p, 2H), 3.13 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.58 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.03-7.12 (m, 3H), 7.28 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.59 (m, 5H), 8.27 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 158 Preparation of Compound 158: {1-[3-(6-benzoyl-1-propyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-5-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 158 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.03 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H ), 1.63-1.71 (m, 2H), 2.27 (p, 2H), 3.09 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.96 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.33 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 6.39 (dd, J=0.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (dd, J=2.7, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.02 (m, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.88 (dd, J=1.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H) 8.12 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 159 Preparation of Compound 159: (1-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-2-propyl-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-acetic acid

Compound 159 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.94 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.56-1.66 (m, 2H), 2.25 (p, 2H), 2.63 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.85 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.28 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 6.33 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (dd, J=4.2, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.79-6.84 (m, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96-7.09 (m, 3H), 7.16 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 ( (dd, J=2.1, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (dd, J=2.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.68-7.73 (m, 2H).

EXAMPLE 160 Preparation of Compound 160: (1-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-2-propyl-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-4-yloxy)-acetic acid

Compound 160 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.94 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.59-1.67 (m, 2H), 2.26 (p, 2H), 2.64 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 6.37 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92-7.09 (m, 5H), 7.50 (dd, J=2.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.69-7.73 (m, 2H).

EXAMPLE 161 Preparation of Compound 161: 2-{1-[3-(8-cyclopropylmethyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-7-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-2-methyl-propionic acid

Compound 161 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.20-0.25 (m, 2H), 0.34-0.39 (m, 2H), 0.75-0.82(m, 1H), 1.59 (s, 6H), 2.29 (p, 2H), 2.62 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 6.36 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (dd, J=5.4, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.02(m, 2H), 7.57-7.61 (m, 1H), 11.49 (s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 162 Preparation of Compound 162: (1-{3-[4-(4-fluoro-benzoyl)-2-propyl-phenoxy]-propyl}-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-acetic acid

Compound 162 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.96 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.63-1.70 (m, 2H), 2.18 (p, 2H), 2.66 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 6.40 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (dd, J=1.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J=2.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.82 (m, 2H).

EXAMPLE 163 Preparation of Compound 163: {1-[3-(6-benzoyl-1-propyl-naphthalen-2-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-6-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 163 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.06 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.65-1.74 (m, 2H), 2.22 (p, 2H), 3.12 (t, J=7.5, Hz, 2H), 3.87 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.26 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (s, 2H), 6.36 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (dd, J=2.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.56-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 7.96 (dd, J=1.2, 8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.97(dd, J=1.8, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=9 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (s 1H).

EXAMPLE 164 Preparation of Compound 164: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(2-phenyl-7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 164 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.033 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.641 (s, 6H), 1.729-1.804 (m, 2H), 2.275-2.334 (m, 2H), 2.914 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.980 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.385 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 6.511 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.613 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 6.707-6.738 (m, 2H), 7.055-7.093 (m, 2H), 7.145 (s, 1H), 7.171 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.361 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.427 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.647 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.070 (br s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 165 Preparation of Compound 165: {1-[3-(2-phenyl-7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 165 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 1.033 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.748-1.803 (m, 2H), 2.264-2.325 (m, 2H), 2.911 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 3.971 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.389 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 4.808 (s, 2H), 6.452 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 6.615 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.705 (s, 1H), 6.727-6.740 (m, 1H), 7.045 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.083 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.293 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.358 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.427 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.643 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 8.057 (br s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 166 Preparation of Compound 166: {4-[3-(2-phenyl-7-propyl-1H-indol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 166 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.923 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.645-1.713 (m, 2H), 2.334-2.392 (m, 2H), 2.810-2.856 (m, 2H), 4.266 (q, J=6.0, 12.8 Hz, 2H), 4.361 (q, J=6.0, 12.4 Hz, 2H), 4.828 (s, 2H), 6.572 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.665 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.727 (s, 1H), 6.830-6.861 (m, 2H), 7.013-7.145 (m, 2H), 7.277 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.359-7.430 (m, 3H), 7.627 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 8.017 (br s, 1H).

EXAMPLE 167 Preparation of Compound 167: {4-[3-(2-phenyl-5-propyl-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 167 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.861 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.512-1.579 (m, 2H), 2.304-2.345 (m, 2H), 2.581 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.172 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.280 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.711 (s, 2H), 6.497 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.586 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.822 (s, 2H), 6.920 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 6.954-7.059 (m, 2H), 7.191-7.222 (m, 2H), 7.324 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.707 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 483.20.

EXAMPLE 168 Preparation of Compound 168: {1-[3-(2-phenyl-5-propyl-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-acetic acid

Compound 168 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.923 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.601-1.657 (m, 2H), 2.213-2.244 (m, 2H), 2.656 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.867 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.326 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.657 (s, 2H), 6.346 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.523 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.900-7.024 (m, 5H), 7.178-7.231 (m, 2H), 7.316 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.709 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H.

EXAMPLE 169 Preparation of Compound 169: 2-methyl-2-{1-[3-(2-phenyl-5-propyl-benzofuran-6-yloxy)-propyl]-1H-indol-4-yloxy}-propionic acid

Compound 169 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.908 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.503 (s, 6H), 1.561-1.636 (m, 2H), 2.156-2.201 (m, 2H), 2.632 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.809 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.275 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 6.401 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.854-6.905 (m, 3H), 6.964-6.983 (m, 2H), 7.163-7.198 (m, 2H), 7.300 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.691 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H).

EXAMPLE 170 Preparation of Compound 170: {5-[3-(2-oxo-8-propyl-4-trifluoromethyl-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 170 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.94 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.53-1.61 (m, 2H), 2.34 (p, 2H), 2.83 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.78 (s, 2H), 6.44 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.59 (s, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J=2.4, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=8.7Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.55 (m, 1H).

EXAMPLE 171 Preparation of Compound 171: {5-[3-(1-phenyl-4-propyl-1H-benzoimidazol-5-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl }-acetic acid

Compound 171 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 0.98 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.67-1.75 (m, 2H), 2.27 (p, 2H), 3.02 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.19 (t, J=5.7 Hz, 4H), 4.58 (s, 2H), 6.34 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.93-7.08 (m, 4H), 7.25 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.54 (m, 5H), 8.05 (s,1H).

EXAMPLE 172 Preparation of Compound 172: 2-{5 -[3-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-propoxy]-indol-1-yl}-butyric acid

Compound 172 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.88-0.96 (m, 6H), 1.62-1.72 (m, 2H), 2.12-2.38 (m, 4H), 2.90 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.31 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.82 (dd, J=6.0, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (dd, J=2.4, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.06-7.10 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.53 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 173 Preparation of Compound 173: {5-[5-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-pentyloxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 173 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.65-1.76 (m, 4H), 1.86-1.99 (m, 4H), 2.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 4.81 (s, 2H), 6.45 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.11 (m, 3H), 7.16 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 174 Preparation of Compound 174: {5-[4-(7-propyl-3-trifluoromethyl-benzo[d]isoxazol-6-yloxy)-butoxy]-indol-1-yl}-acetic acid

Compound 174 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃ δ 0.94 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H), 1.62-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.94-2.10 (m, 4H), 2.89 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 4.05 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 2H), 4.14 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 6.38 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (dd, J=2.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00-7.05 (m, 3H), 7.52 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H).

EXAMPLE 175 Preparation of Compound 175: [4-(3-phenoxazin-10-yl-propoxy)-indol-1-yl]-acetic acid

Compound 175 was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 2.

¹H NMR (ppm): CDCl₃+MeOH-d₄ δ 2.12-2.22 (m, 2H), 3.73-3.83 (m, 2H), 4.15-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.79 (s, 2H), 6.49 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.52-6.65 (m, 5H), 6.66-6.73 (m, 4H), 6.86 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 7.08 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H).

HRMS-EI (M⁺): 414.16.

EXAMPLE 176 Scintillation Proximity Assay

Scintillation proximity assay (SPA) was conducted on 96-well microtiter plates (catalog number 6005290, Packard Instrument, Meriden, Conn.) with a 100 μL well volume. The assay buffer contained 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.2, 1 mM EDTA, 10% (w/v) glycerol, 10 mM sodium molybdate, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 0.5 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 2 μg/mL benzamidine, and 0.1% dry milk powder. Protein A-yttrium silicate SPA beads (catalog number RPN143, Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) was suspended in 50 mL of the above assay buffer except that dry milk powder was replaced with 0.01% sodium azide. The recombinant GST-hPPARγ^(LBD) preparations were first diluted 400-fold and the diluted solution was used to produce a solution with a final concentration of approximately 5 nM. Goat anti-GST antibodies (catalog number 27-4577-01, Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, N.J.) were diluted 400-fold and then the diluted solution was used to obtain a final 2000-fold diluted solution. A test compound was dissolved in DMSO to obtain a solution with a final concentration of 10 μM. 60 Ci/mmol [³H] BRL-49653 (a PPARγ ligand solution, American Radiolabeled Chemicals, St. Louis, Mo.) was diluted 425-fold in ethanol and then the diluted solution was used to obtain a final concentration of 7.8 nM. 20 μL of diluted solutions containing GST-PPARγ^(LBD), goat anti-GST antibodies, well-suspended protein A-yttrium silicate SPA beads, and a test compound were sequentially added to each well of a microtiter plate. Finally, 20 μL of a diluted hot BRL49653 solution was added to each well. The plate was incubated at 4° C. for 24 hours with gentle shaking. Radioactivity was quantified using a Packard Topcount scintillation counter.

SPA binding assays for PPARα and PPARδ were conducted in a manner similar to the procedures described above.

118 of the 175 exemplary compounds described above were tested for their efficacy in binding to PPARs. Specifically, in the PPARα binding assay, 16 compounds showed IC₅₀ values (the concentration of a test compound at which 50% [³H] BRL-49653 on PPAR is displaced) lower than 1 μM and 13 compounds showed IC₅₀ values between 1 μM and 10 μM. In the PPARγ binding assay, 55 compounds showed IC₅₀ values lower than 1 μM and 49 compounds showed IC₅₀ values between 1 μM and 10 μM. In the PPARδ binding assay, 14 compounds showed IC₅₀ values lower than 1 μM and 36 compounds showed IC₅₀ values between 1 μM and 10 μM.

EXAMPLE 177 PPAR Transactivation

Huh-7 cells were seeded at a 6×10⁴ cells/well concentration in 24-well cell culture plates in high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, 100 units/mL penicillin G, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin sulfate at 37° C. in a humidified 10% CO₂ atmosphere. After 24 hours, transfections were performed using Fugene 6 transfection reagent (Roche, Penzberg, Germany) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Specifically, a transfection mixture was prepared by adding to each well 0.5 μl of Fugene 6, 0.05 μg of pGAL4-PPARγ(LBD) plasmid, 0.14 μg of pG5-TK-Luc reporter, and 0.25 ng of a pRL-SV40 Renilla luciferase plasmid as transfection internal control. Cells were incubated in the transfection mixture overnight at 37° C. in a 10% CO₂ atmosphere. Then the cells were incubated for one day in fresh high glucose Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with increasing concentrations of a test compound. Since the test compounds were dissolved in DMSO, control cells were incubated with a DMSO solution of equivalent concentrations. The highest DMSO concentration was 0.1%, which was shown not to affect transactivation activity. After one day treatment, cells were harvested and cell lysates were produced using Reporter Lysis Buffer (Promega, Madison, Wis.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Luciferase activity in cell extracts was determined by using the Luciferase Assay kit (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and counted in a SIRIUS-0 luminometer (Berthold detection systems, Pforzheim, Germany). Briefly, 50 μL of Luciferase Assay Reagent II (LARII) was added into a vial containing 5 μL of cell lysate and then the Firefly Luciferase activity of the mixture was measured. 50 μL of Stop & Glo Reagent was then added into the vial and the Renilla Luciferase activity of the mixture was measured. The transactivation result was expressed with the ratio of Firefly Luciferase counting over Renilla Luciferase counting.

118 of the 175 exemplary compounds described above were tested for their efficacy in PPAR transactivation activities. Specifically, in the PPARα transactivation assay, 43 compounds showed EC₅₀ values (the concentration at which a test compound shows 50% of its maximal PPAR reporter activity) lower than 1 μM and 12 compounds showed EC₅₀ values between 1 μM and 10 μM. In the PPARγ transactivation assay, 15 compounds showed EC₅₀ values lower than 1 μM and 33 compounds showed EC₅₀ values between 1 μM and 10 μM. In the PPARδ transactivation assay, 9 compounds showed EC₅₀ values lower than 1 μM and 13 compounds showed EC₅₀ values between 1 μM and 10 μM.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A method for treating a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I):

wherein R₁ is (CR_(b)R_(c))_(n)—X—R_(a), in which n is 2-5; X is N(R_(d)), O, or S, or X and R_(a), taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(a) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl, or R_(a) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; each R_(b), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and each R_(c), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R_(d) being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(e)R_(f)), SO₂R_(e), COOR_(e), or C(O)R_(e); each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(e)R_(f)), SO₂R_(e), COOR_(e), or C(O)R_(e); each of R_(e) and R_(f), independently, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R_(a) is heteroaryl or aryl, or R_(a) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or COOR_(e), each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or C(O)R_(e).
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein R_(a) is aryl or heteroaryl.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein R_(a) is


5. The method of claim 3, wherein one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, OCH₂COOR, OC(CH₃)₂COOR, OCH(CH₃)COOR, O(CH₂)₂COOR, O(CH₂)₃COOR, CH₂COOR, COOR,

n which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R_(6,) and R₇ is OH, OCH₂COOR, OC(CH₃)₂COOR, OCH(CH₃)COOR, O(CH₂)₂COOR, O(CH₂)₃COOR, CH₂COOR, COOR,

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, low glucose tolerance, Syndrome X, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, neoplastic conditions, cancers, angiogenesis, Alzheimer's disease, skin disorders, high blood pressure, ovarian hyperandrogenism, osteoporosis, or osteopenia.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is diabetes mellitus.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the diabetes mellitus is type I diabetes or type II diabetes.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is obesity.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is hyperglycemia.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is lipid disorders.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is hypercholesterolemia.
 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is hypertriglyceridemia.
 15. The method of claim 7, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is dyslipidemia.
 16. The method of claim 7, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is atherosclerosis.
 17. A method for treating a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I):

wherein R₁ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R_(a), or SO₂R_(a), in which R_(a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(d)R_(e))_(m)—X—R_(b), O—(CR_(d)R_(e))_(m)—X—R_(b), or O—C(R_(d)R_(e))R_(c), and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(f)R_(g)), SO₂R_(f), COOR_(f), or C(O)R_(f); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(d)R_(e))_(n)—X—R_(b), O—(CR_(d)R_(e))_(n)—X—R_(b), or O—C(R_(d)R_(e))R_(c), and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(f)R_(g)), SO₂R_(f), COOR_(f), or C(O)R_(f); in which m is 3-5; n is 2-5; X is N(R_(h)), O, or S, or X and R_(b), taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(b) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, COOR_(i), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(i), or C(O)R_(i), or R_(b) and X taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(c) is H, OH, halogen, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, COOR_(i), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(i), or C(O)R_(i); each R_(d), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each R_(e), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R_(f) and R_(g), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R_(h) and R_(i), independently, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein R₁ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or SO₂R_(a); one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(d)R_(e))_(m)—X—R_(b), O—(CR_(d)R_(e))_(m)—X—R_(b), or O—C(R_(d)R_(e))R_(c), and each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or COOR_(f); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(d)R_(e))_(n)—X—R_(b) or O—(CR_(d)R_(e))_(n)—X—R_(b), and each of the others, independently, is H; n is 2; R_(b) is heteroaryl or aryl substituted with C₃-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, or C(O)R_(i); and R_(c) is COOR_(i).
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein R_(b) is heteroaryl or aryl substituted with C₃-C₆ alkyl or C(O)R_(i).
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein R_(b) is


21. The method of claim 19, wherein R₁ is H, CH₂COOR, CH(CH₃)COOR, CH(CH₂CH₃)COOR, CH₂CH₂COOR, CH₂(CH₂)₂COOR, or

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein R₁ is H, CH₂COOR, CH(CH₃)COOR, CH(CH₂CH₃)COOR, CH₂CH₂COOR, CH₂(CH₂)₂COOR, or

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 23. The method of claim 17, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, low glucose tolerance, Syndrome X, insulin resistance, obesity, lipid disorders, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL levels, high LDL levels, atherosclerosis, vascular restenosis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative disease, retinopathy, neoplastic conditions, cancers, angiogenesis, Alzheimer's disease, skin disorders, high blood pressure, ovarian hyperandrogenism, osteoporosis, or osteopenia.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is diabetes mellitus.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the diabetes mellitus is type I diabetes or type II diabetes.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is obesity.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is hyperglycemia.
 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is lipid disorders.
 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is hypercholesterolemia.
 30. The method of claim 23, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is hypertriglyceridemia.
 31. The method of claim 23, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is dyslipidemia.
 32. The method of claim 23, wherein the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors related disease is atherosclerosis.
 33. A compound of formula (I):

wherein R¹ is (CR_(c)R_(d))_(m)—X—R_(a) or (CR_(c)R_(d))_(n)—X—R_(b), in which m is 3-5; n is 2-5; X is N(R_(e)), O, or S, or X and R_(a) or X and R_(b), taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(a) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(f), or C(O)R_(f), or R_(a) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(b) is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(f), or C(O)R_(f), or R_(b) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; each R_(c), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and each R_(d), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R_(e) and R_(f), independently, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO2N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); and each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); each of R_(g) and R_(h), independent, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 34. The compound of claim 33, wherein R_(a) is heteroaryl or aryl substituted with C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, heteroaryl, C(O)R_(f), or NO₂, or R_(a) and X, taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(b) is heteroaryl; n is 2; one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or COOR_(e); and each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or C(O)R_(e).
 35. The compound of claim 34, wherein R_(a) is heteroaryl or aryl substituted with C₃-C₆ alkyl or C(O)R_(f).
 36. The compound of claim 35, wherein R_(a) is


37. The compound of claim 35, wherein one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, OCH₂COOR, OC(CH₃)₂COOR, OCH(CH₃)COOR, O(CH₂)₂COOR, O(CH₂)₃COOR, CH₂COOR, COOR,

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 38. The compound of claim 36, wherein one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is OH, OCH₂COOR, OC(CH₃)₂COOR, OCH(CH₃)COOR, O(CH₂)₂COOR, O(CH₂)₃COOR, CH₂COOR, COOR,

n which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 39. The compound of claim 33, wherein the compound is one of compounds 1, 4-14, 18, 20, 21, 23-25, 30, 33, 34, 36-40, 43-52, 59, 61-68, 72, 74-79, 84-87, 89, 91, 92, 94-99, 101-107, 111, 114, 122-124, 134-136, 141-143, 146-151, 153-165, 168, and 169, or a salt thereof.
 40. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 33 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 41. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 33 and tetraethylthiuram disulfide.
 42. A compound of formula (I):

wherein R₁ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C(O)R_(a), or SO₂R_(a), in which R_(a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with CF₃, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(b), or C(O)R_(b); R_(b) being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d); and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d); and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); in which m is 3-5; n is 2-5; X is N(R_(i)), O, or S, or X and R_(c), taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(c) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOR_(j), heteroaryl containing at least two aromatic rings fused together, or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(j), or C(O)R_(j), or R_(c) and X taken together, is heteroaryl; R_(d) is H, OH, halogen, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, COOR_(i), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(j), or C(O)R_(j); each R_(e), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each R_(f), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and each of R_(g) and R_(h), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each of R_(i) and R_(j), independently, being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 43. The compound of claim 42, wherein R₁ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, or SO₂R_(a); one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d), and each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or COOR_(g); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c) or O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), and each of the others, independently, is H; n is 2; R_(c) is heteroaryl containing at least two aromatic rings fused together or aryl substituted with C₃-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, or C(O)R_(j); and R_(d) is COOR_(j).
 44. The compound of claim 43, wherein R_(c) is heteroaryl containing at least two aromatic rings fused together or aryl substituted with C₃-C₆ alkyl or C(O)R_(j).
 45. The compound of claim 44, wherein R_(c) is


46. The compound of claim 44, wherein R₁ is H, CH₂COOR, CH(CH₃)COOR, CH(CH₂CH₃)COOR, CH₂CH₂COOR, CH₂(CH₂)₂COOR, or

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 47. The compound of claim 45, wherein R₁ is H, CH₂COOR, CH(CH₃)COOR, CH(CH₂CH₃)COOR, CH₂CH₂COOR, CH₂(CH₂)₂COOR, or

in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 48. The compound of claim 42, wherein the compound is one of compounds 2, 3, 15-17, 19, 22, 26-29, 31, 32, 35, 41, 42, 53-55, 57, 58, 60, 69-71, 73, 80-83, 88, 90, 93, 100, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115-121, 125-133, 137-140, 144, 145, 152, 166, 167, and 170-175, or a salt thereof.
 49. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 42 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 50. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 42 and tetraethylthiuram disulfide.
 51. A compound of formula (I):

wherein R₁ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, C(O)R_(a), SO₂R_(a), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(a), or C(O)R_(a); in which R_(a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with CF₃, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(b), or C(O)R_(b); R_(b) being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(m)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d); and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); or one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), or O—C(R_(e)R_(f))R_(d); and each of the others, independently, is H, OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₃-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, C₁-C₆ alkylthio, arylthio, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, NO₂, CN, SO₃H, SO₂N(R_(g)R_(h)), SO₂R_(g), COOR_(g), or C(O)R_(g); in which m is 3-5; n is 2-5; X is N(R_(i)), O, or S; R_(c) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOR_(j), heteroaryl, or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(j), or C(O)R_(j); R_(d) is H, OH, halogen, NH₂, C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₁-C₁₂ dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, C₁-C₆ alkyl, heteroaryl, COOR_(i), or aryl optionally substituted with OH, halogen, C₃-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₁₅ cycloalkyl, C₃-C₁₅ heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryl, aryl, NO₂, CN, COOR_(j), or C(O)R_(j); each R_(e), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; each R_(f), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; and each of R_(g) and R_(h), independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R_(i) being C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R_(j) being H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 52. The compound of claim 51, wherein R₁ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or SO₂R_(a); one of R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and R₇ is (CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c) or O—(CR_(e)R_(f))_(n)—X—R_(c), and each of the others, independently, is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or COOR_(f); and R_(c) is heteroaryl or aryl substituted with heteroaryl or C(O)R_(i).
 53. The compound of claim 52, wherein R_(c) is heteroaryl.
 54. The compound of claim 53, wherein R_(c) is pyridinyl.
 55. The compound of claim 54, wherein X is N(CH₃) or S.
 56. The compound of claim 55, wherein R₁ is CH₂COOR, in which R is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
 57. The compound of claim 51, wherein the compound is one of compounds 56 and 108, or a salt thereof.
 58. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 51 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 59. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 51 and tetraethylthiuram disulfide. 